For Mauritania iron ore mining , you'll need our main crushers and secondary crushers for the iron ore crushing.
Mauritania Open Pit Iron Ore Mining Project Important Data
Producer of:Iron ore Location:Northern Mauritania Ownership:State of Mauritania (88%) Geology:Haematite and magnetite orebodies occur in topographical ridges Mineral Variety:Haematite and magnetite Reserve base:1,100Mt verified and probable Production:12Mt/y iron ore Mining:Open pit Haematite method:Two-stage crushing at mines, third / fourth stages plus screening at port Magnetite procedure:Grinding and magnetic upgrading at Guelb plant four,000 equipment :SBM iron ore crushers, ball mills, vertical ore mills.
Open Pit Iron Ore Mining Brief Introduction
The iron ore mining project, located in the northern Mauritania, is mined by open pit. It is mainly haematite and magnetite. For both the two types of ore mining, you do will need ore crushers and ball mills for ore grinding. As in the haematite processing, the project has adopted two-stages crushing and multi-stages screening. While ball mills are also required within the magnetite grinding approach.
In the Mauritania iron ore project, SBM has offered most effective ore crushers and ball mills. You'll find each open circuit multi-stages crushing plant and closed circuit multi-stages crushing plant. For primary iron ore crushing, SBM offers you greatest jaw crushers or hammer crushers that are specially designed for challenging rocks. For the iron ore grinding, you are able to also pick our LM series vertical ore mill apart from ball mills.
800TPH ~ 1000TPH Crushing line
Here you could see our massive scale iron ore crushing plant with capacity of 800 tph – 1000 tph. There are fourth-stages crushing within the plant. Please feel totally free to get support on-line for any questions.
Compared for the 600 tph – 800 tph plant, the biggest difference just isn't only it could create greater capacity but additionally this plant is especially appropriate for all those very tough stones. With 3 units of jaw crushers and cone crushers, stones will be via coarse crushing and fine crushing. Also, multi-screening equipment are installed within the significant plant. If your raw materials are of rather challenging and you'll need bigger capacity, it is possible to contemplate this stone crushing plant.

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Material handling conveyors are made use of all through the plant. They are of different sizes, inclines, declines, handle various amounts and sizes of material, and run at distinctive speeds. The conveyor systems employed within the Ormeau plant use exactly the same components.
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Production process of cement
In the times of Egypt and Greece, sintered and ground lime or plaster was used as cement for civil engineering and construction. In the 19th century, portland cement was produced in England. This manual covers energy conservation in portland cement production.
A cement production plant consists of the following three processes.
1. Raw material process
2. Clinker burning process
3. Finish grinding process
The raw material process and the clinker burning process are each classified into the wet process and the dry process.

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In the wet process, raw materials other than plaster are crushed to a diameter of approximately 20 mm by a crusher and mixed in an appropriate ratio using an automatic weigher, as shown in Fig. 1. Then, with water added thereto, the mixture is further made finer by a combined tube mill with a diameter of 2 to 3.5 m and a length of 10 to 14 m into slurry with a water content of 35 to 40%. The slurry is put in a storage tank with a capacity of several hundred tons, mixed to be homogenized with the corrective materials, and is sent to a rotary kiln for clinker burning. In the wet process, the slurry can be easily mixed but a large amount of energy is consumed in clinker burning due to water evaporation.
In the dry process, crushed raw materials are dried in a cylindrical rotary drier having a diameter of 2 m and a length of about 20 m for example, mixed by an automatic weigher, ground and placed in storage tanks. The resultant mixture is further mixed to make the ingredients uniform, and sent to a rotary kiln for clinker burning.
These processes are selected with consideration given to properties of raw materials, costs of fuel, conditions of location and others. For the wet process, plant construction cost is rather low and high-quality products are manufactured easily. On the other hand, the dry process consumes less energy and its running cost is lower. quartz manufacturing industry
The progress of technology is, however, eliminating the differences in quality between products from the above processes, while needs for energy conservation are getting increasingly strong. In future, the wet process will not be employed positively.
Finish grinding process
The finish grinding process is roughly divided into an open circuit grinding system and a closed circuit grinding system. The mill used is a tube mill or ball mill. In Fig. 11, ��a�� shows a closed circuit
and ��b�� shows an open circuit. crusher for silica sand
In the open circuit mill, the mill shell has a length of about 4 to 5 times of its diameter to obtain a prescribed fineness, and the shell outer wall is sprayed with water to prevent the temperature of the product in the mill from rising. It is also possible to spray water into the mill interior but the closest attention has to be paid so as not to deteriorate the product quality.
In the closed circuit mill, the mill has a length of 3 times or below of its diameter so as to accelerate the passage of the product. The separator works as a cooler for the product in addition to its function as classifier for the product.

Manganese Introduction and Application
The two primary manganese minerals are pyrolusite (MnO2) and rhodochrosite (MnCO3). Manganese may be the fourth most used metal in terms of tonnage just after iron, aluminium and copper and 90% of all manganese consumed annually goes into steel as an alloying agent. Soon after steel, the second most important industry for manganese within the kind of electrolytic manganese dioxide is dry cell batteries. Manganese also is an important alloying element in aluminium and copper, is used in plant fertilisers and animal feeds and can be a colorant. Manganese phosphate is used as a treatment for rust and corrosion prevention on steel.
Ordinarily too brittle to become of structural value itself, it is actually an important agent in steelmaking, in which it removes impurities such as sulfur and oxygen and adds important physical properties for the metal. For these purposes it truly is most normally employed as a ferromanganese or silicomanganese alloy; as a pure metal it is actually added to specific nonferrous alloys.
The second most important marketplace for manganese inside the kind of electrolytic manganese dioxide is dry cell batteries. Manganese also is an crucial alloying element in aluminium and copper, is utilized in plant fertilisers and animal feeds and can be a colorant.

The ore dressing processes are gravity dressing, magnetic dressing and floatation. As a result of the manganese ore exists inside the form of fine grains it is difficult to separate the monomer. Although the majority of the monomer had been separated it can be difficult to solve the problem in the separation in the finest. For that reason, manganese ore dressing is aggregate dressing. So named aggregate may be the mineral of relative high grade particles with coarse grains and effortless to become separated. The disadvantage of it's low grade of concentrate.
(1) Washing and re-dressing
Manganese carbonate dressing with sprinkle on vibration screen (Hongqi zone of Xiangtan Mine)
Manganese oxide dressing with primary and secondary dressing in double screw trough washer(Dongxiangqiao Mine). Changsha mining institute developed a brand new procedure of self-grinding size degradation process. It combines the method of grinding, erasing and washing. It has been used in dressing of loose manganese ores. It's a creative development of dressing approach.
The gravity dressing machine are jigging machine, shaking bed and high media drum separator, whirlcone, vibrating chute and etc. High media – intensive magnetic separation is applied for manganese carbonate. Disposal of wall rock is inside the initially stage, deep separation is in the second stage(Xiangtan Mine).
(2) Magnetic separation
Intense magnetic separation is the most extensively and effectively applied process. It has been rapidly created considering that China is open towards the outside world. All of the key manganese mines applied the approach. Even so, few with the mines use solely magnetic dressing. Most mines use combined method consisting of some of ore washing, gravity dressing, floatation and magnetic separation.
A lot of research operate on magnetic separation has been carried out. The machine for separation of coarse, intermediate and fine particles, both permanent and electricmagnetic induction, had been developed. Neodymium-iron-boron permanent magnetic is utilized in medium-intense magnetic field separator of PMHS series. The magnetic field intensity of separation is 1.1 T. The upper limit of separation is as high as 50mm. CS-1, CS-2 and shp-mode is often a much better applications. The upper limit of separation is 5-7 mm, the maxim intensity is 1488kA/m for CS-1 mode. The upper limit of separation is 10-15 mm, the maxim intensity is 1390kA/m for CS-2 mode. The upper limit of separation is 1 mm, the maxim intensity is 640-1600kA/m for shp mode.
(3) Floatation and others
Floatation dressing isn't typical inside the Chinese manganese mines. Zunyi Manganese Mine made use of a joint procedure of intense magnetic and floatation. The chemical substances of pertrolium sodium sulphonate and oxidized paraffin soap are utilized to catch rhodochrosite in floatation dressing. Chemical dressing, selective precipitation and concentrate dehydration and other process had been studied. Even so, it is actually far to be applied in production. Via arduous effort in 20 years we have made wonderful success inside the analysis of manganese dressing.
The key ore progress is as follows:
(1)     Pre-separation and coarse particles dressing. Intense magnetic dressing and gravity dressing of coarse particles are feasible for various ores of manganese carbonate. The recovery was 3%-5% increased thereby.
(2)    Many types of intense magnetic dressing machine have been used. They are: 80-1, CGD-38, CS-1, CS-2, CGDE-210, PMHIS, shp and so on.
(three)    Approach of dressing of fine particles was successful.
(4)    New process of comprehensive recovery of multi-elements manganese ore was successful.
(five)    Lots was done on manganese mineralogy.
Mineral constituents of fine particles had been defined by the quantity statistics of energy spectrum microprobe in the study with the states of manganese and phosphor and in the study of dephosphorization of high grade manganese ore. Forecast of theoretical specification of dressing was made by statistics of aggregate particles. Mineralogy studies had been carried out in 9 big and medium manganese mines. The basic conditions required for dressing approach and specification had been provided.

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Naturally occurring sand dunes are wind-formed sand deposits representing a store of sediment in the zone just landward of normal high tides (French, 2001). Artificial dunes are engineered structures created to mimic the functioning of natural dunes.

Dune rehabilitation refers to the restoration of natural or artificial dunes from a more impaired, to a less impaired or unimpaired state of overall function, in order to gain the greatest coastal protection benefits.

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Artificial dune construction and dune rehabilitation are technologies aimed at reducing both coastal erosion and flooding in adjacent coastal lowlands.

Artificial Sand Making Using

rtificial sand is widely used in highway construction, concrete making, etc. As the field of industry application gradually expanded, the gradual application of natural sand work more and failed to keep pace with the various sectors of modern world development needs. For the most part, machine-made sand is produced to meet the great needs. Here you can learn more about definition of machine-made sand and its wide applications. There are many kinds of rocks used to make sand. Generally there are Granite, Basalt, Natural river pebbles, sandstone and Limestone... wet ball mills for garnet powder

Artificial Sand Manufacturing Process

As a professional manufacturer of artificial sand making equipment, SBM also provide the most professional design of sand making plant. SBM have designed sand process for thousands of clients from more than 60 countries and serviced for field of sand making and sand shaping for more than ten years. tungsten grinding machine

Artificial Sand Making Process Line

Sand making machine is used for artificial sand manufacturing process, and power from various minerals. It is used in fine and medium size crushing of coarse material, rocks, stones, minerals, building aggregate concrete and other material. SBM Sand making machines are of high efficiency and high performance crusher, low in maintenance and low operating cost. Our high proficiency Sand making machines are designed and manufactured to produce fine quality sand with high productivity output. The final product is cubic with grounded edges. Artificial sand and aggregate is used in preparing good quality concrete for building and construction purpose, so the sand particle must be equiexed cuboidal and glommed edges.

Naturally occurring sand dunes are wind-formed sand deposits representing a store of sediment in the zone just landward of normal high tides (French, 2001). Artificial dunes are engineered structures created to mimic the functioning of natural dunes.

Dune rehabilitation refers to the restoration of natural or artificial dunes from a more impaired, to a less impaired or unimpaired state of overall function, in order to gain the greatest coastal protection benefits.

artificial sand for construction

Artificial dune construction and dune rehabilitation are technologies aimed at reducing both coastal erosion and flooding in adjacent coastal lowlands.

Artificial Sand Making Using

rtificial sand is widely used in highway construction, concrete making, etc. As the field of industry application gradually expanded, the gradual application of natural sand work more and failed to keep pace with the various sectors of modern world development needs. For the most part, machine-made sand is produced to meet the great needs. Here you can learn more about definition of machine-made sand and its wide applications. There are many kinds of rocks used to make sand. Generally there are Granite, Basalt, Natural river pebbles, sandstone and Limestone... wet ball mills for garnet powder

Artificial Sand Manufacturing Process

As a professional manufacturer of artificial sand making equipment, SBM also provide the most professional design of sand making plant. SBM have designed sand process for thousands of clients from more than 60 countries and serviced for field of sand making and sand shaping for more than ten years. tungsten grinding machine

Artificial Sand Making Process Line

Sand making machine is used for artificial sand manufacturing process, and power from various minerals. It is used in fine and medium size crushing of coarse material, rocks, stones, minerals, building aggregate concrete and other material. SBM Sand making machines are of high efficiency and high performance crusher, low in maintenance and low operating cost. Our high proficiency Sand making machines are designed and manufactured to produce fine quality sand with high productivity output. The final product is cubic with grounded edges. Artificial sand and aggregate is used in preparing good quality concrete for building and construction purpose, so the sand particle must be equiexed cuboidal and glommed edges.

The Ormeau plant utilizes 8 Malco vibrating screens. Vibrating screens are driven by 7.5KW electric motors running at 1040rpm, the speed is lowered by way of pulley ratios; the drive is transferred towards the screen through dual drive V belts. The V belts turn the primary shaft with the screen, attached for the shaft is an offset counterweigh. As the screen shaft turns the counterweigh causes a cyclic weight imbalance, as well as the screen moves in an orbital motion.

Even though there is a great quantity of variability in how sand is mined, this section describes a typical sand mine and sand processing plant. The overview from the sand mining process offered below is descriptive of a more common dry mine even though in both cases several in the identical extra processing actions would take location with both mining strategies.

Silica Sand Overburden Removal/Excavation

Prior to any actual mining becoming completed at a website, it is necessary to remove overburden from the leading from the sand formation. Overburden is topsoil or subsoil that is primarily composed of silt, loam, clay, or combinations from the 3. Overburden thickness is highly variable, but as has been stated above, a desirable trait of Wisconsin's frac sand formations is the fact that they may be close towards the surface, which means there is tiny overburden to remove. Removal is performed by scrapers or tracked excavators and off-road haul trucks. The overburden is often hauled towards the perimeter in the mine website and piled into berms. Topsoil is kept separate and employed on best from the berms once they've reached their final elevation. Finally the berms are seeded and mulched. The berms have multiple purposes; they offer storage for overburden until the mine is reclaimed, they provide a visual barrier among the active mine and roads or adjoining properties, they screen light pollution should the mine be operated following dark, and they act as a noise barrier.

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Once the overburden has been removed, the sand is excavated. Based upon the geological formation, blasting could be employed to produce the sand containing material more amenable to excavation. Excavation is normally performed by huge tracked excavators or rubber-tired front end loaders. The excavated material might be taken straight for the washing method, stockpiled on web site for later processing, trucked to a processing facility or trucked to a rail load-out exactly where it could be taken by rail to a processing plant. Stockpiles could be formed by conveyors, or trucks may deposit the sand in a pile and a dozer or rubber-tired loader will push the sand, gradually building a large pile that the trucks drive on leading of to deposit much more sand.

Silica Sand Blasting

In situations exactly where the sand-bearing geological formation is tightly cemented it could be necessary to use blasting to create the sand a lot more amenable to removal. Blasting practices can outcome in noise, vibration, and fugitive dust emissions. Blasting at mines will differ with site particular geology. It may be conducted as regularly as every day or only as soon as each and every few months.


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If the formation is of such a nature that it demands blasting, it is most likely that the material will then need to become crushed to decrease the size from the particles for later handling. Right after blasting, the sand is inside a mix of rocks and boulders on the floor in the mine. This material is usually referred to as shot rock.

A mobile crushing unit(mobile crushing plant) is brought to the mine and is placed close towards the blast area in order to reduce the distance the shot rock must be hauled to be loaded into the crusher. Bigger mines could possess a permanently placed crushing plant. In these instances the shot rock is either conveyed or hauled for the crusher by haul trucks loaded by front end loaders or huge excavators. 9 Crushing plants are usually composed of a primary crushing unit (chinese jaw crusher manufacturers) along with a secondary crusher (cone crusher for sale) using a screen plant. Crushing plants are powered by either a sizable diesel engine, or by a generator. The shot rock is picked up by front finish loaders from the blast area and carried for the primary crusher. The main crusher breaks the shot rock into what exactly is referred to as breaker run.

Breaker run is conveyed for the secondary crusher where it really is additional broken down. The resulting material is fed to a screen plant where it is sorted by size. Smaller particles of a targeted size are carried away to stockpiles. Larger particles are recycled inside the plant for the secondary crusher and screens till they've reached the desired size.

Major iron ore production countries
Among the best producers of iron ores inside the world, Brazil, Australia, China, India and CIS (former USSR) are critical for their levels of production and Sweden is equally crucial for underground mining and its automation. In case of former four countries, 80 to 90 percent ores comes from opencast mines whereas in case of latter, really whole production comes from underground mining. Mass production of iron ore in these countries has resulted in technological development especially in opencast mines, but just about every country has retained her technologies culture in a particular form.
China
Since the formation of People’s Republic of China, iron ore mining has been establishing from 0.six million tonnes in 1948 to 520 million tonnes of crude ore (usable ore: 276.four million tonnes) within the year through 2006. Iron ore production from underground mines has only 10 – 12 percent share. Considerable progress has been created within the field of mining technology and mining machinery . China is presently creating crude steel 420 Mt in the year 2006. This level of crude steel production will demand about 660 Mt of iron ore annually and to cope up with this scenario, the country has taken sound steps.
Present Status
The methodology of extraction of iron ore getting adopted in China is by means of open cast mining approaches by shovel-dumper mixture, shovel-dumper conveyor transport / Railway haulage transport. You will discover also couple of underground iron ore mines in China. Mining technology and significant technical equipment for big opencast mines having production of ten Mt and above have come as much as the degree of world’s developed countries. The recovery of iron ores from underground mines has come to about 80 percent, but dilution of ore with waste has come down to 15-20 percent, and for the underground mines, labour productivity has gone close to 2,000 tonnes per man-year.

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1. Magnetic iron ore dressing is primarily utilized for choice of low grade iron ore. As the magnetic ore is quick to elect, the national factory utilizes stage milling  procedure, t milling granule is utilised in the coarse magnetite, tiny particles utilizes the magnetite of paragraph 2 or 3 mill. The development of our own serialized magnets makes magnetic engine  achieve a permanent magnet. A fter1970's, the National magnetic iron ore dressing plant  promoted  new technologies, which increased  high grade by 62% to about 66% ,meeting the demand of 65% the Ministry of Metallurgical Industry asked.

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2. weak magnetic iron ore dressing is primarily made use of to select iron ore, hematite, brown iron ore, Mitsubishi, false hematite or mixed iron ore mine, which is called the "red mine." Such low grade ore are  all the small size,complexed  mineral composition ,which makes it difficult to select. After 1980's, ore dressing techniques for roasting magnetic separation, wet strong magnetic separation magnetic flotation, weak and the election process, equipment and new varieties of pharmaceutical research get continuous improvements ,which all increased metal ore in quality and the rate of return. Angang Qida hill ore dressing plant makes use of new magnetic-magnetism flotation process, which gets encouraging achievements. barite stone crusher
3. Polymetallic ore dressing is complicated and diverse types, the use of equipment, methods and procedures are different, such as Baiyun Ebo Iron Ore of Hubei makes use of floating recourse , gradient flocculating flotation, weak magnetic-counter flotation-strong magnetic separation, weak magnetic flotation, burning  magnetic separation process, to improve iron recovery, and  comprehensively recycle rare earth oxides. Panzhihua iron ore makes use of magnetic separation to get around 53% of TFE vanadium iron ore, after the election, the tailings is swept by the weak magnetic elections-magnetism elections-elections-flotation-dry electricity, and sulphur cobalt, finally recycled titanium and cobalt. Daye Iron Ore utilizes magnetic weak-strong magnetic and flotation to comprehensively recycled iron, copper and cobalt, sulphur dioxide and other elements. barite mine process

Lippmann's 6500 Series of portable impact crushing plants are engineered for high efficiency and superior transportability, ease of operation and versatility.
The Lippmann 5165LP primary portable crushing plant is actually a normal, expense efficient unit for main recycling of concrete or asphalt, and is accessible with hydraulic adjustment on the lower curtain. Various lengths of Lippmann feeders are offered, along with a discharge pan feeder below the crusher. The 5165LP can also be utilized in the primary crushing of medium aggregate and sand and gravel applications.
The Lippmann 5165LS is usually a secondary recycle or aggregate plant which performs nicely with Lippmann's 3062 Jaw Plant in a two-stage recycle crushing application, or using a Lippmann 3048 Jaw Plant in a two-stage aggregate crushing operation. The 5165LS is out there with double or triple deck screen .
Lippmann's 6500 Series of portable impact crushing plants parts
• Lippmann 5165LP Impactor with 40" Feed Height.
• Hydraulic Adjustment on Lower Curtain.
• 5820 Feeder with 4' Grizzly.
• Grizzly Chute.
• 59"x78" HD Pan Feeder.
• Optional Cross conveyor .
• Rock Box.
• Electric Motor.
• 10' Wide Quad-Axle Suspension.
• 14' Travel Height.
• Abrasion-Resistant Hopper.
• Lippmann 5165LS Secondary Impactor.
• 76x20 Triple Deck Screen.
• 48" Discharge Conveyor.
• 60” Under Screen Conveyor.
• (2) 24"x10' Cross Conveyors.
• 300HP Electric Motor.
• Hydraulic Lift Legs.
• 10' Wide Quad-Axle Suspension.
• 13'11" Travel Height.
• Abrasion-Resistant Hopper.

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Lippmann Jaw crushers
Lippmann jaw crushers are ideal for stationary, skid-mounted, or portable and mobile main crushing applications.
Compare the increased production, reliability, reduced operating fees and flexibility of a Lippmann Jaw. Its big feed opening, and force-feeding action from the inward and downward eccentric movement from the swing jaw, implies improved capacity. Longer, curved jaw dies, a non-choking crushing action design, along with a bigger eccentric throw result in a reduction in nip angle, a far more positive bite, and higher ratio of reduction.
A Lippmann Jaw can have a smaller discharge setting, permitting for a higher degree of flexibility with related equipment . Positive setting adjustment is simple.
Reliability would be the hallmark of a Lippmann Jaw, featuring rugged ribbed frame construction, a 1 piece cast pitman, heavy duty rock ribs that guard the pitman, a huge oversized heat-treated shaft forged of unique alloy, and added large, premium excellent tapered roller bearings that absorb and withstand radial and thrust shock loads. Finite element analysis methods assure sound design and maximum strength at all stress points for trouble-free crusher operation.
The Lippmann jaw is good quality engineered for simplicity, simple access, low maintenance and consists of reversible jaw dies for elevated wear. An optional lube technique is also obtainable.
Lippmann Substantial Model Heavy-Duty Jaw Crushers
When you'll need a actually massive jaw, Lippmann's range of large model jaws consists of a 5062, 4248, 3650 and 3048 to suit your specific heavy-duty, high volume crushing application.
These jaws offer you maximum capacity, and are heavier, stronger, and more reliable than competitive jaws. Hydraulics save numerous hours. Tension rod air springs keep pre-set loading regardless of setting, so you are able to adjust below load. Wedge effect holds toggle bearing in on pitman and block for straightforward bolt-in removal and replacement.
Lippmann corporation history
Since its formation in 1923, Lippmann Milwaukee, Inc. has continuously designed and manufactured top quality aggregate processing equipment.
The provider began as Lippmann Engineering Works, and also the style of heavy-duty Jaw Crushers became the cornerstone in the Lippmann Product line .
Today, Lippmann continues to construct the heaviest and most trustworthy Jaw Crushers available, along with its expanded line of confirmed aggregate processing equipment designed to increase productivity and lower costs.
Our products include things like a total line of Main Jaw Crushers, innovative Primary and Secondary Impact Crushers, Vibrating Grizzly Feeders, complete two-stage Jaw / Impactor Crushing Systems, and an extended line of ancillary merchandise.
Lippmann crushing equipment is obtainable in stationary, skid-mounted, wheeled portable, or track-mounted configurations. All are built for rugged durability, ease of transportability, minimal set-up and teardown with superior attributes.

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Those crushers commonly getting two or much more numbers every of primary, secondary & tertiary type crushers with at least 2 or far more vibratory screens with mechanized loading, unloading conveying operation s and producing more than 100 TPH crushed stones are categorized as significant crushers.
Typically significant stone crusher are owned by bigger construction companies like L&T, Dodsal Construction, etc who have their own large construction projects demand. Such crushers have a capacity range of 100 –200 TPH. These type of crusher generally have their own/leased open-cast stone mines and a fleet of mechanical mining equipment , trucks and dumpers, loaders etc. These crushers involve high capital investment and mostly operate round the clock. All conveying operations are done through proper belt conveyors.

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Types of Technologies used
Various types of technologies are used for mining, transporting, crushing and screening operations, which are briefly described below. As mining and transporting operation are an integral part of the stone crushing industry, it is briefly discussed below:
Technologies used for Mining
The technologies used for mining of stones vary from manual excavations up to highly automized lare scale blasting with mechanical excavations. The smaller stone crushers source the raw material generally from river beds, or small hillocks in the local region or at times they procure/purchase raw stones from mine owners in the vicinity. Such small crushers crush only a few truck loads (ordinarily less than 2 to 10 truck loads per day).
The medium size stone crusher mostly have their own open-cast mines adjacent or in close vicinity to the crusher site. The mining is done by drilling holes in the rock strata and blasting it generally once in a day. The drilling is done mostly manually or by mechanical means. The blasted rock boulders are at times manually broken to about 10 to 20 inch size so as to suit and are manually the main jaw crusher , loaded in to trailors or trucks. Mechanical Loaders are also used for retrieving mined stones and loading in the vehicles. clinker grinding plant
In substantial stone crushers, the mines are generally owned or leased for long term. Scheduled and frequent blasting are carried out. A combination of main and secondary blasting techniques are followed. In the main blasting, substantially substantial area is blasted to loosen big boulders from the earth strata. The bigger boulders are further blasted during secondary blasting. The drilling is generally carried out either pneumatically or hydraulically. After blasting, the stones are excavated with the help of excavators and loaders and are loaded in to dumpers. ceramics crusher
Transportation Technologies
The mined stones are transported to the crusher sites using vehicles of various capacities starting from bullock carts, trailors up to automatic dumpers. Most of the transportation vehicles have hydraulically operated tilting arrangement for easy and faster unloading of stones at the crusher sites.
The capacity range of smaller vehicle like trailors is about 4 tonnes whereas bigger dumpers can carry in the range of 15 – 20 tonnes materials per trip. The loading operations are manual in smaller vehicles and are mostly mechanical using material handling equipment for massive dumpers and trucks. There are no continuous material handling system like long belt conveyors or trolley type conveyors to carry stones from mines to crusher sites, even in the largest stone crushers in the country and therefore transportation by vehicle is most common.

Kyanite ore dressing technology
1. Flotation
Flotation is the major processing strategy in kyanite ore dressing plants and it really is frequently needed in mixture with other industrial methods to achieve the specifications of index sorting for example gravity separation flotation, magnetic separation flotation etc.
2. Gravity separation
The gravity separation equipments consist of shaker, shaker, a cyclone wind, heavy medium cyclone.
3. Magnetic separation
Kyanite

Jig equipments overview
SBM Jig concentrators, Jig Separators have an outstanding history of long and consistent performance of proven high yield of Diamonds, Color Gemstone, Gold, Base Metals, Heavy Metals & other Heavy Minerals recovery, with minimal loss, maintaining maximum profitability in the ore concentrating process.
The usage of Jigs separators, Jig concentrators to concentrate and recover minerals of all kinds is widely practiced within the industry, based on the fact that the high specific gravity differential makes very good recoveries possible, with very little operating attention. SBM Jig concentrators, Jig separators have the ability to absorb large fluctuations in ore Grade, Tonnage rate, and Dilution, without any effect on the final recovery of minerals concentrate.
SBM Jig separators, Jig Concentrators do not require clean water, works with recycled water. SBM Jig separators are easy to install, operate and maintain, with highest rate of minerals recovery, designed for continuous concentration and recovery, without operator interference.
SBM Jig concentrators are fabricated with highest quality material, built to last, and supplied with ONE-YEAR manufacturer warrantee. They are extremely reliable and require minimum amount of maintenance.
SBM Jig Concentrators are manufactured in seven models with capacities range of 18 m3 / hour slurry (6 tons / hour solids), up to 300 m3 / hour (100 tons / hour solids), per Jig separator.

Jaw crushers supplier SBM
SBM provide by far the most extensive and complete lines of rock crushing and reduction equipment for mining minerals and Quarry Aggregate industries, capable of handling a variety of types of rocks and rock merchandise. SBM high quality jaw crushers offer youwith smooth operation, extended operation life and minimal costs.
SBM Jaw Crushers embody embody simplicity of style, rugged construction, rigidity of structure, and efficiency of operation, which has produced SBM Jaw Crushers ideal for numerous crushing operations.The Jaw Crushers are designed for wide range of applications covering stationary or portable crushing and reduction operation, for main or secondary or tertiary rock crushing operation and for either surface or underground configuration.
SBM Jaw Crushers are designed to manage the primary or secondary crushing of various rock sorts, which includes Granite, Gravel, Trap rock, Basalt, Dolomite, Sandstone and comparable material.

Gravel Sand Washing Plant

Gravel Sand washer is most used as kind of cleaning equipment which is popular in sand making line. Ciros provides a complete line of gravel washing plant for the mining and industrial minerals. In many crushing plants, such as aggregates crushing screening plant and gravel sand making plant, you can install this sand washing machine for intensive washing action.

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Gravel Sand Washing Machine also named sand washer is widely used in the construction site, sand stone factory, the construction site of concrete dam of a hydropower station, concrete pre-cast parts factory, oil-well refilling and other industries. The original sealed structure and the reliable transmission device ensure the good dewatering effect after washing. Therefore, it’s an efficient sand washing equipment used together with the sand making machine. This series washing machine is arranged with a slant angle of 15°. Simple structure. Easy maintenance. Water saving. High Durability. Without pollution.

Gravel Washing Equipment Price

The models of sand washing machine equipment manufactured by Ciros include XSD2610, XSD3016 and XSD3620. Its capacity varies from 20 t/h to 180 t/h. The most obvious feature is its water-saving function and high durability. As the leader for supplying crushing equipments, our sand washers have been exported to about 120 countries and won a worldwide reputation for their completive advantages such as simple structure, mid-fineness sand seldom lapses out and high ablution. gravel washing machine

Ciros company mainly produces crushing equipment, sand equipment, processing equipment, milling equipment and the equipment unburned five series products are widely used in metallurgy, mining, chemicals, building materials, coal, refractory materials, ceramics and other industries. Ball mill, crusher, magnetic separator, flotation machine, classifier, dryers and other complete sets of processing equipment, for selected iron, copper, gold, silver, lead, tungsten, molybdenum, manganese and other non-ferrous metal ore and fluorite , quartz and other non-metallic minerals; gold dry washer machine

Gravel Washing Machine And screen India

Ciros’s jaw crusher, impact crusher, sand making machine, vibrating screen, sand washing machines, conveyors and other gravel crushing equipment for airports, railway, highway, road construction and the general state of large bridges, undersea tunnels, land tunnel, the new high-rise buildings and other buildings.

Jaw crushers components
1. Frame
§ Heavy-duty design
§ Steel plate welded construction
§ Welded by CO2 shield arc process
§ Pressure relieved immediately after fabrication
2. Crushing Chamber
§ Deep crushing chamber
§ Sharp nip angle ensures high crushing capacity
3. Swing Jaw & Main Bearing Housings
§ Allows removal from frame as an integral sub assembly
§ Permits onsite substitution of a changeover unit in the event of bearing damage
§ Swing Jaw is a robust steel casting with fully machined face to support swing jaw plate
4. Flywheel
§ Balances inertia
§ Promotes smooth operation
5. Eccentric Shaft
§ Forged from hardened and tempered chrome molybdenum steel
§ Particularly large diameters to suit heavy -duty application
6. Bearings
§ Fag or SKF heavy -duty selfaligning double row bearings on swing jaw and main frame
§ Bath oil lubrication ensures positive lubrication
§ Bearing life in excess of 8 years under typical quarry applications
7. Hydraulic Cylinder
§ Allows easy adjustment of discharge setting by moving toggle block to the desired setting
8. Shim
§ Allows easy adjustment of closed side setting
9. Toggle Block
10. Tension Rod with Spring
11. Toggle Seat
§ Allows smooth toggle plate stroke
12. Toggle Plates
§ Designed to shear protecting crusher components if noncrushable object is introduced to crusher (i.e. Steel)
13. Check Plates
§ Manganese steel castings allow easy replacement
14. Jaw Plates
§ High manganese steel castings can be reversed allowing extended life
§ Wedge lug system allows easy replacement

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vsi crusher
quartz processing machine

Silica is the most common ingredient in glass. Whether the glass is container glass, window glass, boro-silicate glass, fiberglass or water glass (sodium silicate), silica sand makes up approximately 60-70 percent of the glass batch and therefore has a significant affect on the glass quality. For all glasses, the consistency of the chemical components and size characteristics are important to producing high quality glass.

silica sand process

Silica Sand Production Line

The silica sand production line consists by primary jaw crushing, secondary crushing, vibrating screen, belt conveyor, sand washing equipment ball mill, and so on. Sand grains measuring 0.1-0.5 mm in diameter.

Silica Sand Processing Plant

The silica sand quarry mining process is complicated process and need many mining equipment. Through the mining process silica sand boulders are turned into all sizes of materials. The blasting process is the first step determining what needs to be accomplished next. Rock hammers, drop balls, primary crushers, and gyratory crushers all contribute to the silica sand mining process. Coarse materials are sent by belt conveyer to the silica sand crushing plant or silica sand grinding plant for additional crushing, grinding and sizing. The mine stockpiles different sizes of silica sand materials for customers. spiral classifier


Silica Sand Processing Plant

Within the silica sand production line, silica sand process includes four stages, they are washing, sieving, attritioning and drying. Silica sand plant produces industrial white silica sand through an extraordinarily high purity, with SiO2 > 99.5 wt%. The grain size which range from 0.125 to a few.00 mm and our most contemporary Hi-tech. sieving facilities provides different size distributions for various requirements and that we can tailor make according to customer's requirements. Silica sands are produce of both loosely consolidated sands and weakly cemented sand stones in silica sand plant. Coarse-grained, well- rounded quartz sands are particularly suited to water treatment and are produced by the selective screening of sands form a number of quarries. Construction and silica sands are normally produced from the same quarry in addition to their production is interdependent. Closely-sized water filtration sands will also be created from the sand making plant, the regionally important resource of sand and gravel. magnetic separator

Convenient and secure power packages
Robust style, basic handling and cleaning are the capabilities of the BB 100, BB 200 and BB 300 models. For modest amounts of sample the jaw crushers is usually utilised batch-wise; for bigger amounts they are able to be operated continuously.
Neutral-to-analysis results are ensured by 4 distinctive sorts of material for the breaking jaws and wearing plates. The interior in the no-rebound feed hopper can't be accessed by hands. It can be hinged so that the crushing chamber is very easily accessible for cleaning. Only some actions are needed to exchange the breaking jaws and clean the jaw crusher .
The crushed sample is collected in a removable collector. For bigger amounts or continuous crushing operations, the sample collector could be replaced by customer-specific solutions. Stainless steel and plastic sample collectors are offered for the BB 300.
The grinding chamber is enclosed nearly dust-tight. To eliminate any fine dust which could contaminate the surroundings, every crusher is equipped having a connection for dust extraction; this calls for the use of an industrial vacuum cleaner. Special conversion kits for the central lubrication with the lower movable crushing arm roller bearings are offered for the BB 200 and BB 300. The is particularly advantageous if the jaw crushers are to become made use of continuously or, for instance, if the jaw crusher is built into a processing line in such a way that the lubrication points are difficult to access manually.
A safety switch and brake motor assure an instant cease if the unit is opened or switched on incorrectly. A Belleville spring washer integrated inside the spindle adjustment gives extra overload protection. The eccentric spindle which moves the crushing arm is driven by a robust brake motor by way of V-belts. The largest belt pulley also acts as the flywheel to ensure uniform and smooth operation. Models BB 200 and BB 300 are also offered as process line versions suitable for inclusion in preparation units.

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mini gold processing machine

Powerscreen mobile jaw crushers are developed to exceed the primary crushing desires of shoppers within the mining , quarrying and recycling industries. These machines are amongst the most advanced and reliable inside the marketplace and are very productive in a variety of applications. Using a mixture of dynamic jaw profiles and highly efficient drive method these machines return some of the lowest operating expenses in their class.

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jaw crusher works
Jaw Crusher is among the most widespread crushing equipment . It is actually typically utilised inside the field of mining , metallurgy, road & railway construction, water conservancy, chemical industry and so on. The jaw crusher of medium and large size designed and manufactured by our company have reached the advanced level with the features of high crushing ratio, high capacity, uniformed product size, simple structure, reliable operation, easy maintenance and low operation cost.
As a leading manufacturer of complete set of crushing and screening equipment in China, SBM have produced PE Series Jaw Crusher which is 1 kind of efficient and energy-saving crushing equipment after many years of research and is integrated with successful experience in the same product at home and aboard. Wherein, large and medium-sized jaw crushers are our competitive products; especially in designing and producing large-sized jaw crusher, we have already ranked the first place at home and aboard.
PE Series Jaw Crusher, including primary crusher and secondary crusher, is mainly applied for crushing various ores and bulk materials with compressive strength not more than 320Mpa into medium-sized grains. The series products have complete specifications and the feeding size ranging from 125mm to 750mm, which are the first choice for primary crushing. Jaw crusher is widely applied in mine, metallurgy, construction, road, railway, water conservancy, chemical industry, refractory material and ceramic etc.
Jaw Crusher PerformanceAnd Features
1. Crushing cavity is deep and there is no dead area, which improves feeding capacity and output;
2. High reduction ratio and uniform final product size;
3. Spacing piece type discharge-hole adjustment device is reliable and convenient;
4. Reliable and safe lubrication system, convenient replacement of parts and small work load of maintenance;
5. Simple structure, operational reliability and low operation cost;
6. Energy-saving : single machine can save energy by 15% to 30%; the system can save energy by over 30% to 60%;
7. Large adjustment range of discharge hole can meet the demands of distinct users;
8. Simple structure, convenient maintenance and use; stable performance, low operation cost; high reduction ratio.
Jaw Crusher Composition Structure:
1) Jaw Liner Holding Plate: This plate holds jaw liner in position. Disc springs are utilized for clamping this plate to take care of expansion of jaw plates.
2) Cheek Plates: These cheek plates are made out of abrasion resistant materials. They are fixed to the sides of the main body to protect it from wear.
3) Main Body: The main body is a heavy, 1 piece frame fabricated of rolled steel plates. The structure is properly ribbed and welded after proper edge preparation. The entire body is stress relieved before machining.
4) Jaw Liners: The stationary and swing jaws are fixed with jaw liners made of manganese steel casting with corrugated surface for better crushing. They are rigidly held in position by wedge action for easy replacement. These liners are made symmetrical in vertical direction for using them after reversing.
5) Toggle Seat: The toggle seats, made of forged alloy steel are replaceable and need no lubrication.
6) FlyWheels: Fly wheels are made of cast steel with heavy outer ring for smooth crushing action. They are mounted on either side of eccentric shaft with taper lock bushes for easy assembly and disassembly. They are provided with built in balance weights to help counteract the swing jaw weight.
7) Bearings: Large self aligned double row spherical roller bearings are provided for swing jaw and main bearing housing. Easy lubricating points are provided for all the bearings. Bearings are protected from dust by grease purged labyrinth dust seals.

Sand washer (stone washing) is high efficiency sand washing equipment, which adopts advanced technology, and combined with the fact of domestic sand industry. It has the features of high cleanness, reasonable structure, large output, little sand loss during washing, the most advantageous factor is that the transmission device isolates with sand and water, which greatly reduces the failure rate. It is the perfect equipment for domestic sand washer industry.

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Sand Washing Machine Application:

Sand Washing Machine(sand washer) is widely used in particle aggregate sand screw washing, grading and dehydrating quartz and sand in construction site, sand stone factories, hydropower station and concrete dam site, precast concrete factory, glass factory and etc. It is especially applicable to wash construction sand and paving sand. This sand washing plant has the features of reliable structure, convenient maintenance, big capacity, low power consumption, high cleaning level. The new sealing structure, totally closed oil bath type drive device and adjustable overflow weir plate promises that the machine works efficiently. silica sand crusher

Features of sand washing equipment:

1. This machine's structure is simple. The impeller drive device is separated with water and the watered materiel avoiding that the bearing is damaged by deeping in water, sand, or contamination.
2. This machine has obvious advantages compared with screw sand washing equipment/washer.
3. The medium and fine sand are washed away less. The washed construction sand's gradation and modulus of fineness can get the standard which is regulated in national ' construction sand' and ' construction scree and gravel.
4. There is almost no wearing part except screen mesh.
5. The machine usage life is long.

Operating principle of artificial sand washer (Bucket sand washer):

The electric motor runs slowly with the impellor after decelerated by the belt, decelerator and gears wheel. The sand and stone flow into washing launder from feeding launder, rolls with the impellor, and grinds each other. The impurity covering the sand is washing away. At the same time, add more water, the strong water flow will take away waste and some low-weight wastes from washing launder. Through the above process, the washing function is finished. The clean sand and stone is lift up by vane. When it goes up slowly, the water begins to drop through the mesh and fall back in the washing launder. On one hand, water is removed from the sand and stone; on the other hand, the water can be fully used. Finally, the sand and stone goes to the out launder from the rotary impellor to finish the washing task. sand washing machine

Characteristics of Mineral sand washer:

1.Reasonable structure, large capacity,
2.Low consumption,
3.Little loss of the sand during the washing process,
4.Low failure rate.

jaw crusher is actually a equipment periodically by movable jaw approaching and leaving fixed jaw to broken the materials entered in crushing cavity. Jaw crusher consists of base , movable jaw, key shaft, connecting rod, thrust plate, flywheel and motor.
How to install and test run the jaw crusher?

The jaw crusher flywhell is usually a crucial part of jaw crusher structure when the jaw crusher working usually. A flywheel is an inertial energy-storage device. It absorbs mechanical energy and serves as a reservoir, storing power during the period when the supply of energy is far more than the requirement and releases it in the course of the period when the requirement of power is a lot more than the supply.
Flywheels-Function need and Operation

Bauxite does not require complex processing because most of the bauxite mined is of an acceptable grade or can be improved by a relatively simple and inexpensive process of removing clay.

The History Says


Bauxite Mineral
The first aluminum made in the US. was mined in Bartow and Floyd counties by the present Aluminum Company of America. A local man, Mr. Gibbons, operated these mines and also deposits in Arkansas, where the town near the deposits was named for him. He became a top official of Alcoa. The American Cyanamid Company mined bauxite to make alum. Large foreign deposits caused local mining to cease.

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The Present Scenario

Exporting bauxite mines generated about US$1.4m in revenue per hectare mined in 1998 and a typical mine employed about 200 people for each million tonnes/year of bauxite produced or about 11 people per hectare.

BAUXITE is a naturally occurring, heterogeneous material composed primarily of one or more aluminum hydroxide minerals, plus various mixtures of silica, iron oxide, titania, aluminosilicate, and other impurities in minor or trace amounts. The principal aluminum hydroxide minerals found in varying proportions with bauxites are gibbsite and the polymorphs boehmite and diaspore.

Bauxites are typically classified according to their intended commercial application: abrasive, cement, chemical, metallurgical, refractory, etc. The bulk of world bauxite production (approximately 85%) is used as feed for the manufacture of alumina via a wet chemical caustic leach method commonly known as the Bayer process. Subsequently, the majority of the resulting alumina produced from this refining process is in turn employed as the feedstock for the production of aluminum metal by the electrolytic reduction of alumina in a molten bath of natural or synthetic cryolite (Na3AlF6), the Hall-Héroult process.

Bauxite Mining in Forest Areas

The conservation of rain forests is a key concern often voiced with regard to bauxite mining. Only about 6 % of the world's bauxite mining is today conducted in rain forest regions, affecting a total area of around 1.5 km2 per year. The total area of the globe currently covered by rain forest is about 18 million km2. The original flora and fauna of much of the land involved in bauxite mining is restored once mining operations have ceased. bauxite crusher

For all forest areas used for bauxite mining, 80% is returned to native forests, the rest is replaced by agriculture, commercial forest, or recreational area, thereby making the area more productive for the local community. As far as rain forests in particular are concerned, however, the area used for bauxite mining in rain forests is almost totally reverted back to rain forest.

Bauxite mining

There are numerous bauxite deposits, mainly in the tropical and subtropical regions, but also in Europe. Bauxite is generally extracted by open cast mining from strata, typically some 4-6 metres thick under a shallow covering of topsoil and vegetation. In most cases the topsoil is removed and stored.

Exporting bauxite mines generated about US$1.4m in revenue per hectare mined in 1998 and a typical mine employed about 200 people for each million tonnes/year of bauxite produced or about 11 people per hectare. Usually mines offer relatively well-paid jobs and mining companies tend to provide assistance to their neighbouring communities.

There are attractive commercial and social reasons for the development of a bauxite mine. The mining company wants the ore to use or sell while the local inhabitants want the mine for employment and for the community assistance that the mining company usually offers. National governments want the development for these social reasons and also for the revenue provided by a mining company.

These social benefits are complemented, according to the International Aluminium Institute's latest "Bauxite Mine Rehabilitation Survey", by the mining companies' increasing awareness of environmental factors. Mined areas are being restored to an environmentally stable condition: 92.7% of surveyed operations have formal, written rehabilitation procedures in place. A total of 282km2 (28,245 ha) of land has been rehabilitated to date at 22 operations.

Our survey shows that increasingly mining companies are concerned about environmental matters. Bauxite mining is accompanied by land rehabilitation and environmental control to restore the area to a desirable environmentally friendly condition. It is possible for everyone to gain from mining activities. bauxite crusher

Bauxite mining method

Eighty percent of world bauxite production, mainly from large blanket type deposits is from surface mines, with the rest, mainly from Southern Europe and Hungary, from underground excavations. On some surface deposits there is no overburden, and on others, the bauxite may be covered by 70 metres or more of rock and clay. Deposits that are hardened may require blasting in order to release the ore.

Once the bauxite is loosened into manageable pieces it is generally loaded into trucks or railroad cars and transported to crushing or washing plants or to stockpiles. Underground bauxite mines are used to exploit pockets or beds of deposit between layers of carbonic rock. Water in flow is a problem in most underground operations and dewatering shafts are often drilled before mining begins.

Unlike the base metal ores, bauxite does not require complex processing because most of the bauxite mined is of an acceptable grade or can be improved by a relatively simple and inexpensive process of removing clay. In many bauxites, clay is removed by some combination of washing, wet screening and cycloning, even by hand picking or sorting.

Tons of coal fly ash--the very same substance that brought on a massive emergency in Tennessee--are recycled in soil, raising concerns about buildup of arsenic along with other toxic substances in food crops.
Crops across the country are grown in soil amended with coal fly ash--the very same substance that triggered a massive environmental emergency in December when it gushed from a holding pond at a Tennessee power plant.
Tons of fly ash are routinely added to soil to nourish vegetables, peanuts as well as other crops, primarily in the Midwest and Southeast. But now the spill has raised concerns about whether this longstanding agricultural practice is environmentally sound.
Fly ash is a fine powder recovered from gases created by the burning of coal. It is the largest component of coal combustion waste, totaling around 70 million tons annually in the United States.
Adding moderate amounts increases crop yields and stabilizes soils while reducing the need to throw huge quantities in landfills or holding ponds, said Yuncong Li, University of Florida professor of soil and water sciences.
However, fly ash contains various amounts of toxic metals. And studies have shown that food crops grown in large amounts can soak up hazardous concentrations of arsenic.
Because it is not classified as hazardous waste under Environmental Protection Agency standards, there is no federal supervision of its use in agriculture. Some states regulate it but their guidelines vary and often require no monitoring of how it is used, said Jeffrey Stant, director of the Coal Combustion Waste Initiative for the Environmental Integrity Project.
“For soil amendment, most cases are left to the industry itself to monitor where they put fly ash and how much they use of it,” said Stant.
For more than a decade, companies have mixed fly ash with other waste to produce soil and compost. About 50,000 tons are used annually for agriculture nationwide.
One example is N-Viro, an international corporation that specializes in turning waste material into products. The company uses 250 tons of fly ash per day to mix with bio-solids, said Raymond Mayo, Florida N-Viro plant manager. The mixture is then heated to kill bacteria and monitored before it is distributed to farms, added Mayo.
The volume of fly ash created by power plants is increasing, due to more coal burning coupled with more stringent air pollution rules.
"Currently the U.S. produces 130 million tons of coal combustion waste every year. In another 10 years it will be 150 million," said Stant.
As a result, researchers are studying whether larger amounts can be used safely in agriculture.
Fly ash mixtures provide phosphorus, calcium along with other nutrients that crops need to grow while increasing soils’ capacity to hold water, said Li.
"he material is practically free and coal companies will pay people to dispose of it," he said.
But arsenic, lead and mercury in fly ash pose concerns about cancer or neurological damage.
Crops grown in quantities of fly ash ranging from 5 to 20 percent of soil weight absorbed toxic metals, according to a study by Indiana State University researchers.
When the amount of fly ash increased, the crops absorbed higher concentrations of arsenic and titanium. Basil and zucchini contained potentially toxic amounts of arsenic exceeding 6 parts per million. Concentrations of greater than 2 ppm had severe effects on vegetables, damaging the plants and decreasing production, wrote the scientists in a 2004 paper published in Environmental Geology.
Although the potential human health effects are unknown, fly ash fertilization can lead to possible toxic accumulation in crops if not monitored properly, concluded the scientists.
Plants grown with smaller amounts of fly ash have fared much better. In a three-year study, University of Florida researchers applied 22,000 pounds of fly ash per acre (1.1 percent of soil weight).
Mixed with yard waste compost, the fly ash increased tomato yields by up to 70 percent. The study found no groundwater contamination or soil-fertility decline after three years, while the presence of trace metals remained low.
A six-year study at the Indian Institute of Technology in Khargpur, India also indicated that a moderate amount of fly ash (9,200 pounds per acre), along with organic sources like farm manure and crop residue, improves crop yields.
This assortment of wastes increased rice and peanut yields by 31 and 24 percent respectively when compared to using chemical fertilizers alone. Accumulation of trace elements once again remained small.
Nonetheless, agriculture’s use of ash has been limited over fears of heavy metal accumulation with repeated use, especially with ash that can contain higher amounts of toxic substances such as arsenic, wrote Li as well as other researchers in a paper to be published in the journal HortTechnology.
Of the coal ash produced, less than .02 percent is recycled for agriculture production, Li said, making it one of the least used byproducts of coal combustion.
"As long as we work carefully with regulators we can apply larger amounts safely,” said Li. “I think fly ash has a big potential to improve soil and increase plant growth."
For nearly 50 years, coal combustion products have been used to fertilize peanuts. Air pollution control devices called scrubbers use a sprayed slurry of ground limestone and water to remove sulfur dioxide from gases formed in coal combustion, said Tom Schmaltz, environmental director for Headwaters Resources, a world leader in coal combustion products.
This practice leaves behind gypsum or “scrubber material,” which can be processed and transformed into drywall or added to cement and soils.
Bob Sutter, chief executive officer of the North Carolina Peanut Farmers Association, said the gypsum provides “much needed calcium and sulfur to the peanuts.”
Toxic metals are still found in the slurry, but in lower concentrations than fly ash, according to EPA studies.
"Gypsum is well established," said Schmaltz. "We are also turning an underutilized resource into a valuable product that prevents (our) having to mine for minerals."
For some communities, using more coal waste on farms may reduce health risks associated with coal waste ponds. Occasionally, toxic substances from waste ponds leach through soil into groundwater or breach impoundment ponds to pollute watersheds and soil.
This happened in December, when a holding pond at the Tennessee Valley Authority’s Kingston Fossil Plant spilled over its banks. The sludge – which engulfed hundreds of acres, damaged lakeside homes and polluted drinking water in Tennessee - contained high levels of arsenic and elevated levels of radioactive radium, reported Duke University scientists. Three weeks later a second spill occurred in Alabama, further focusing the nation’s attention on the potential dangers of coal waste disposal.
A recent report released by the environmental law firm Earthjustice says 25 million tons of coal ash are dumped into American mines every year, threatening ground water.
As coal waste grows, large reuse projects are taking place throughout the country, some with toxic consequences. Battlefield Golf Club in Chesapeake, Virginia, is one of the largest so far, built with 1.5 million tons of fly ash. It was considered a model of successful recycling of coal combustion waste until tests of nearby groundwater wells discovered arsenic and lead levels exceeding drinking water standards,  according to city water tests.
Stant said coal waste should be under federal oversight and listed as a hazardous waste.
But businesses say they already adhere to rules and laws when obtaining permits from state and local government before processing and reusing coal waste.
"N-Viro operates under a wastewater permit through the Florida Department of Environmental Protection in order to process bulk amounts of waste," said Mayo.
Although guidelines remain unclear and vary between states, Li said that does not mean it is easy to obtain state permits for using fly ash in agriculture, especially with fears about possible threats to people and the environment.
"I myself have been denied permits from the state of Florida to even conduct research," Li said.

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iron ore Resources, Reserves and Distribution in India
Iron ore is abundantly out there within the Earth’s crust. It types simple raw material for Iron & Steel industry. India has large reserves of good quality of iron ore which can meet the growing demand of domestic iron & steel industry and can also sustain considerable external trade. With the total resources of over 25.25 billion tonnes (both haematite & magnetite), India is one of the leading producers as well as exporters of iron ore inside the world.
Haematite and magnetite are the most prominent of the iron ores found in India. Indian deposits of haematite belong to pre-Cambrian iron ore series and the ore is within banded iron ore formations occurring as massive, laminated, friable and also in powdery form. The major deposits of iron ore are located in Jharkhand, Orissa, Chattisgarh, Karnataka and Goa States. SBM can supply you haematite crusher and magnetite crusher for sale such as haematite jaw crusher , magnetite cone crusher , etc.
About 60% of haematite ore deposits are found in the Eastern sector and about 80% magnetite ore deposits occur in the Southern sector, especially in Karnataka. Of these, haematite is considered to be superior because of its high grade. Indian deposits of haematite belong to the pre-Cambrian iron ore series and the ore is within banded iron ore formations occurring as massive, laminated, friable and also in powder form. India possesses haematite resources of 14,630 million tonnes of which 7,004 million tonnes are reserves and 7,626 million tonnes are remaining resources. Major haematite resources are located mainly in Jharkhand-4036 million
tonnes (28%), Orissa-4761 million tonnes (33%), Chattisgarh-2731 million tonnes (19%), Karnataka-1676 million tonnes (11%) and Goa-713 million tonnes (5%). The balance resources are spread over inside the state of Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh and Assam together contain around 4% of haematite.
Magnetite is the other principal iron ore occurring inside the form of oxide which is either of igneous or metamorphoses banded magnetite silica formation, possibly of sedimentary origin. The magnetite resources are placed at 10,619 million tonnes of which only 207 million tones constitute reserves located mainly in Karnataka and Goa. The balance 10,413 million tones constitute remaining resources. A major share of magnetite resources is located in Karnataka- 7812 million tonnes (74%), Andhra Pradesh-1464 million tonnes (14%), Rajasthan-527 million tonnes & Tamil Nadu-482 million tonnes (5% each), and Goa-214 million tones (2%). Assam, Jharkhand, Nagaland, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra together account for a meager share of magnetite resoures. The most important magnetite deposits are located in Babubadan, Kudremukh, Bellary, Anadurga and Bangarkal areas of Karnataka, Goa region, Ongole and Guntur districts of Andhra Pradesh etc. Other deposits are also located in Jharkhand, Bihar, Tamilnadu, Kerala and Assam etc. However, reserves of high grade ore may be a cause of concern. The total iron ore resources are estimated at 25.25 billion tonnes, of which Heamatite ore resources stands to the order of 14.63 billion tonnes and the remaining 10.61 billion tonnes are magnetite as on 1.4.2005 (Source: IBM, Nagpur).
The details of iron ore resources/reserves as per UNFC system for haematite & magnetite ores and its distribution inside the different states of India are given inside the Table No. 2.3.2.1 to 2.3.2.4. The Indian resources of iron ore have been made compatible with United Nations Framework Classification (UNFC) which is more scientific and adopted in most countries of the world. The resource positions since 1-1-1980 till 1-4-2005 have been given in table below.

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iron ore production in the Pilbara
Activities involved in obtaining, mining and processing iron ore at our Pilbara operations have been simplified inside the following diagram. Rio Tinto operates 11 iron ore mines in the Pilbara plus the certain sequence of activities varies from mine to mine. Excellence in preparing, scheduling and top quality manage are basic to the method.

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Resource development
1. Exploration and evaluation
The team identifies and quantifies ore bodies, by utilizing a range of geological, geophysical and metallurgical strategies. In its simplest form exploration entails drilling in remote places to sample areas.
2. Metallurgical assessment
The data from exploration activities is logged, mapped, analysed and interpreted via models.
3. Mine preparing and scheduling
The team develops a detailed strategy of which ore bodies to mine in what sequence, to deliver the required item high quality at an  appropriate cost. The approach of mine organizing commences many years before a mine is developed, and continues on a day-to-day basis once the mine is operational.
Iron ore Mine operations
Drill and Blast
Areas for open-pit mining are selected using the mine program. Identified areas are tagged, and then holes are drilled in an appropriate pattern by rigs. The drill holes are filled with an explosive, most often ANFO (Ammonium Nitrate/Fuel Oil) and then charged. The resulting blast breaks the material to a size necessary for digging. chrome ore beneficiation
Load and Haul
The broken material is loaded for transport by face shovels, excavators or front-end loaders into haul trucks. Haul trucks at our operations are typically in the 190 tonne and 240 tonne class. Overland conveyors are used to transport partially crushed feed at sites
where there are long distances between the pits and method plants.
Process
Processing of the ore ranges from simple crushing and screening to a standard size, by means of to processes that beneficiate or upgrade the good quality of the iron ore products. This is done by physical processes, which remove impurities by differences in particle density or size gravity or size separation. Processing may be wet or dry.
Stockpile and rail-load out
The processed ore is stockpiled and blended to meet item top quality requirements, before being reclaimed and conveyed to rail load-out. The ore is loaded into ore cars for transport for the port facilities.
Rail and port operations
Rail
Ore is railed up to 460 kilometres for the coast along a dedicated privately owned rail system. A typical train consist comprises 2 GE Dash 9 locomotives, 230 ore cars and is over two.4 kilometres long. A single driver, supported by centralised track control, operates the train.
Ore car dumping
Once the train arrives at the port the ore cars go by means of the car-dumper. The ore cars are rotated and the ore flows out into bins and then is discharged onto conveyors. copper ore beneficiation plant
Stockpile
The ore is stockpiled according to item type and also the quality control plan. The travelling stackers create 250m long stockpiles. Rotary bucket-wheel reclaimers later reclaim the ore, which will be conveyed to the ship loader.
Ship-loading
Vessels are loaded at the berths alongside the ore wharf. Lump ore is rescreened to remove undersize material. Reclaimed ore is conveyed along the wharf and the ore is loaded into the vessel’s holds by travelling, slewing and luffing shiploaders.